38 About Urban Agriculture In The Philippines

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38 About Urban Agriculture In The Philippines | Urban Agriculture Law Philippines

1. Land reform is the first and most important point for improving productivity. Machines, tractors, and implements make ground improvements. These machines have the advantage of smoothing uneven farming areas to work efficiently on the field. It is easy to work in the field and then improve productivity. Therefore, this is the best way to increase agriculture productivity. Source: Internet
2. Linking of urban agriculture activities with other areas of sustainable city development (e.g. waste management, informal sector promotion) Source: Internet
3. 22Other cities promote UPAF for reasons of food security, local economic development or environmental management. In the following cases, UPAF is not supported by climate change programmes, actors or funding, though they do have a bearing on climate change adaptation or mitigation. Freetown (Sierra Leone) has zoned all wetlands and low-lying valleys for urban agriculture in order to promote urban agriculture production for food supply and job creation, which at the same time increases water infiltration, reduces flooding, and keeps the flood-zones free from legal and illegal construction. Source: Internet
4. Introduction to how to improve agriculture in the Philippines: In an agricultural country like the Philippines, agricultural mechanization is necessary to increase land, labor, and crop productivity. The mechanization of farm work offers many advantages, including the timely performance of operations, efficiency in performing farm work, reduction of labor hours, and increase in land and labor productivity. Agriculture is still a major factor in the Philippine economy, although its relative share in the gross domestic product (GDP) has been declining for many years. Source: Internet
5. Nunan (1999) Urban agriculture in Hubli-Dharwad, India. In: City Harvest - a Reader on Urban Agriculture. GTZ, Eschborn. Source: Internet
6. 1. Encourage investment in agriculture that promotes area-based development. Ensuring that every region in the Philippines is given priority through specific development programs will no longer be a problem. Every aspect will be tapped, which will lead to comprehensive agricultural development and ultimately economic development. Source: Internet
7. International and regional Networks on Urban Agriculture became active: the Support Group of Urban Agriculture (SGUA) is an international informal body to support urban agriculture through research and implementation. Regional Networks like AGUILA (Agricultura in Latino America) begin to operate, institutional and individual members carry out projects to promote UA in many Latin American countries. Crisis intervention through the implementation of Hydroponics is done in earth quake ridden areas of Columbia. Workshops for Establishment of West/Central and East/Southern African Research Networks (UANESA.) on Urban Agriculture are financed by IDRC between October 1998 and March 2000. Source: Internet
8. The Philippines, as an agricultural country, needs to invest in promoting inclusive growth and building more sustainable agriculture and food systems that are resilient to disasters. Its main objective is to develop the agricultural sector so that food self-sufficiency can be achieved, rural communities can be developed and farmers’ income can be increased. The share of agriculture in the economy is about 40% of GDP and two-thirds of jobs are created by agriculture. Source: Internet
9. Urban agriculture includes the cultivation, processing, and distribution of agricultural products in urban and suburban areas. Community gardens, rooftop farms, hydroponic, aeroponic and aquaponic facilities, and vertical production, are all examples of urban agriculture. Tribal communities and small towns may also be included. Source: Internet
10. In the agriculture sector, water management is the best way to improve productivity. You can increase yields by up to 50% by using a sprinkler irrigation system. Also, manufacturing canals provide better irrigation to protect crops from tube wells. Some systems using irrigation in crops at the lower end of the efficiency spectrum have field flooding, canal irrigation, and sprinkler-based irrigation. Source: Internet
11. Co-ordination among different actors on various levels and from different sectors is essential if urban agriculture should be more than an informal and individual activity. Effective promotion of urban agriculture needs one leading stakeholder in one of the three sectors with the mandate to guide the other necessary players. In most cases the co-ordination function will lie with the policy level or has at least to be delegated by policy makers. Research can catalyse activities but is seen mainly as a support for the other pillars. The following pages will highlight possible actors and the tasks, which would fall under their responsibility. Source: Internet
12. Like many developing areas around the globe, Quezon City in the Philippines faces the complex burden of pervasive malnutrition combined with growing rates of obesity. Mayor Joy Belmonte initially seized upon urban agriculture as a means to mitigate hunger and give low-income households their own source of nutritious food. Under the “Joy of Farming” initiative, the city has helped establish more than 160 organic farms in backyards, daycare centres, churches and communal spaces since 2010, as well as three demonstration farms covering 1,500m 2 . When the pandemic hit, severely disrupting supply chains, it emphasized just how important homegrown food could be: “Covid exacerbated all of the food-related problems in the city,” says Emily Norford at EAT, who has been working with the city government. Source: Internet
13. 3However, cities also possess the capacity to take scalable action, as they harbour the bulk of economic activity, and cultural and social capital. Over the past decade, many local authorities have acknowledged their potential to influence both the causes and consequences of climate change and are contributing to national and international climate change strategies. In this context, urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry offer solutions to these challenges and help build more resilient cities. Source: Internet
14. Mougeot, L. (1999): Urban agriculture: Definition, Presence, Potentials and Risks, and Policy Challenges. Paper presented to the International Workshop "Growing Cities, Growing Food", October 11-15 1999, Havana, Cuba. Source: Internet
15. On socio-cultural conditions there is a general lack of data. The acceptance of individual property rights is low in four African cities where theft is reported to be a major constraint for urban agriculture. The Asian and Latin American case studies do not tackle this problem. There is no information about the organisational degree of the urban farmers from any of the 20 cities. Source: Internet
16. The concept of urban agriculture as promoted by the international scientific community is not very well known in many developing countries (Gertel & Samir 1999, Drescher & Muwowo 1999). Most people producing food in the cities would not recognise their own activity as being "urban agriculture", and would probably have considerable difficulties in bringing their individual struggle for food or income in relation with mainstream development policies. The label "Urban Agriculture" is somehow problematic as "agriculture" is still associated with the rural area and has in many cases the image of being backwards backward and therefore unwanted in cities. Source: Internet
17. In the communities urban agriculture is practised however, few initiatives world-wide aim at the holistic promotion of UA as a core objective. Urban food production can and should be linked with a variety of initiatives, not only agriculture - oriented. Urban agriculture might be a "hidden" activity within a wider programme. It is not our aim to "claim" all activities as UA, but by looking at it in various contexts we want to show that it can become an interesting option for many, both on a national and international level. Source: Internet
18. The project will have a group of selected resource and associate cities to document a series of best practices and interact in a city consultation, for the formulation of an action plan and specific projects in urban agriculture. The cities will represent a range of city sizes, ecosystems and sub regions. The project will facilitate a formal interaction between regional networks of experts in urban agriculture and of local authorities interested in sharing experiences or in phasing urban agriculture activities into local agenda to better address urban poverty, food insecurity, unemployment, gender inequity, environmental degradation and rural-urban tensions. Results will be edited, published and disseminated to municipal urban actors and others throughout the Region (Excerpt from IDRC 1999) Source: Internet
19. Here, people can volunteer as urban farmers or adopt a pod. They can also buy fresh produce, seedlings, gardening materials, and merchandise. Urban Farmers also offers agriculture workshops for kids and adults. Source: Internet
20. In all the cities reported the basic requirements for agriculture are fulfilled. This means the natural conditions allow crop cultivation and/or livestock keeping, physical infrastructure and services are available, at least to a certain extent. The socio-cultural conditions are in favour of farming, at least within a part of the urban population. The institutional conditions provide access to certain resources or do not prevent it and the economic conditions support UA. Source: Internet
21. 26To support the promotion of UPAF as an effective component of climate-compatible development strategies and climate change financing, greater empirical evidence and quantification of its benefits are needed. Besides, climate change vulnerabilities for urban and city regional food systems can dramatically vary from place to place. Cities therefore need to choose the specific types of urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry that best fit their CRFS, and their local socioeconomic, climatic, agronomic and spatial conditions. Yet there is a general lack of awareness and data on the possible role that they can play. Source: Internet
22. Various international and national NGOs are involved in the promotion of urban agriculture world-wide. The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in Ottawa, Canada has been supporting UA long since. It has created a special programme for the promotion of Urban Agriculture "Agropolis" - aimed to support research activities on Urban Agriculture Source: Internet
23. RUAF collaborated with the City of Antananarivo, Madagascar to improve food security and income of the urban poor, and on the integration of urban agriculture in urban land use planning in order to reduce the impacts of climate change, notably flooding (AULNA project). The collaboration is continuing for the development of a city region food policy. Urban farming is an adaptation mechanism that helps to secure people’s ability to provide themselves with fresh, locally produced food, while reducing transport related GHG emissions. Source: Internet
24. UN-Habitat coordinates the Cities and Climate Change Initiative (CCCI) that seeks to enhance the preparedness and mitigation activities of cities in developing countries. The ICLEI Seoul Declaration for Sustainable Cities, adopted in 2015, and the UN-Habitat New Urban Agenda, adopted in Quito in October 2016, emphasise the need to “strengthen food system planning” and recognise that dependence on distant sources of food and other resources can create sustainability vulnerabilities and supply disruptions. The agenda includes a commitment to “support urban agriculture and farming, as well as responsible, local, and sustainable consumption and production, and social interactions, through enabling accessible networks of local markets and commerce as an option to contribute to sustainability and food security”. Source: Internet
25. Murphy, C. (1999): Cultivating Havana: Urban agriculture and food security in the years of crisis. Development Report No. 12. Food First, Institute for Food and Development Policy, Oakland, California. Source: Internet
26. If the agriculture industry does not look beyond traditional strategies, future generations will not be able to produce and take advantage of our arable land. In the past, agriculture focused on taking full advantage of available land and yielding as many crops as possible. There was no focus on sustainable crop production or land preservation. From a financial standpoint there was no focus on profitability and conserving land and resources. These go hand-in-hand. Source: Internet
27. "Urban and peri-urban agriculture are growing phenomena in most cities and a great deal of activity goes undocumented and unmonitored. The current knowledge base about UPA is growing but fundamental gaps include: how to define UPA; what are the linkages and complementarities between rural, peri-urban and urban production; how affordable it is compared to alternative food sources; and the full range of impacts, including economic, social, and environ-mental. A comprehensive and sustained effort at data collection is needed to fully comprehend the possibilities posed by UPA." (FAO-COAG 1999, Emphasis added by Drescher & Iaquinta 1999). Source: Internet
28. One of the important roles of agriculture is the source of employment. While agriculture accounts for only 10% of the country’s GDP, it still employs about 30% of the country’s labor force. This shows that the productivity of labor in agriculture is lower than in other sectors and the structural change taking place in the Philippine economy is slow and weak. Due to limited diversity and low productivity, Philippine agriculture may stand out among others. Traditional crops such as rice, maize, and coconut account for more than 50% of the total area already harvested, and more attention has recently been paid to higher-value crops. Source: Internet
29. As part of their strategy, the Filipino Department of Agriculture has identified 18 key strategies to tackle the country’s food insecurity. A key part of this is the National Research, Development and Extension (RDE) Network for Urban Agriculture Program in the Philippines, which includes “the development of appropriate crop production techniques including vertical agriculture, hydroponics, bio-intensive gardening and greenhouse farming suited for urban settings.” Source: Internet
30. The government is also encouraging “technology and innovation including digital agriculture.” This includes the use of data analytics and “automated systems [that] will improve farm productivity and cut waste by using analytics to facilitate data-driven farming practices for small farmers.” Source: Internet
31. 23Growing built-up surfaces associated with urbanisation also reduce water infiltration and increase water runoff during rainstorms. With increasingly intense rainfall, flooding is common in cities that lack adequate drainage systems. Urban and peri-urban agriculture can reduce the impacts of higher rainfall by keeping low-lying zones free from construction so that floods have less impact, runoff is reduced, and excess water is stored and infiltrated. The cities of Kesbewa (Western Province, Sri Lanka) and Rosario (Argentina) promote the preservation and protection of green and productive areas on stream banks to reduce flood risks. Source: Internet
32. Yi-Zhang, C. (2000): Shanghai: trends towards specialised and capital intensive urban agriculture. In: City Harvest - a Reader on Urban Agriculture. GTZ, Eschborn. Source: Internet
33. In the Philippines, high poverty rates can be attributed to low employment for the farmers. About 70% of low-income Filipinos work in agriculture, forestry, or fishing. While many farmers and agricultural workers are looking for employment, it seems that the Philippine government is shifting its focus from local farmers to imports. Source: Internet
34. The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognises the need to “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” (Sustainable Development Goal 11). It also includes goals for sustainable agriculture to help reduce poverty (SDG 1), improve nutrition and reduce hunger (SDG 2), ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns (SDG 12), and help to combat climate change and its impacts (SDG 13). The Paris COP21 agreement (2015) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 both recognise the fundamental priority of safeguarding food security and ending hunger and the vulnerabilities of food production systems to the impacts of climate change. They underline the need for increased ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change (both chronic stresses and sudden shocks). UN-Habitat addresses urban and human settlement issues in National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), essential in articulating the adaptation needs and priorities of countries (UN Habitat 2019). Source: Internet
35. There is a concentrated effort to modernize the agriculture industry, and data-driven weather intelligence is the key to sustainability. Managing the decision-making processes of farming has always been complex because there are so many different limiting factors that aren’t within a farmer’s control. The weather itself being chief among them. Source: Internet
36. 12Agriculture has always been practised in and around cities, but only recently has urban agriculture been formally recognised in international agendas. Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture and Forestry (UPAF) is defined as the growing of trees, food and other agricultural products (herbs, pot plants, fuel, fodder) and raising of livestock (including fisheries) within a built-up area (intra-urban agriculture) or on the fringe of cities (peri-urban agriculture). UPAF includes various production systems such as horticulture, livestock, (agro-) forestry and aquaculture as well as related input supply, processing and marketing activities. Source: Internet
37. Inputs and capital for urban agriculture is lacking in all countries, partly caused by high costs as e.g. in Brazil but also by lack of availability. Source: Internet
38. Big data is out there, and we are leveraging it to help modern agriculture evolve so that it relies less on manual input and more on data-driven analysis. We understand that it’s impractical to rely on intuition and traditional technology while the global population continues to expand and pressure continues to build in the agriculture industry. As a result, we are developing solutions for agriculture that use automatic data collection, predictive analytics and AI-driven insights as their very foundation for sustainable agriculture. Source: Internet

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